Ethical dilemmas

Unique This paper investigates the legitimate and physiological just as an advisors best measures to take incase of a crisis identifying with a manhandled lady who has a child that could endure if the lady is additionally presented to the mischief she has been experiencing. Presentation Moral problems are counterbalanced by strife of moral codes and a patient’s intrigue. As indicated by Hill, Glaser and Harden, a moral difficulty is an aftereffect of ‘no proper game-plan, since each game-plan clashes with a set code of morals all which uncover the chiefs to dubious dangers (18-19). In that capacity, the clinician or advisor needs to survey the best game-plan, help and proposals to determine a case without uncovering both himself and the patient to dangers. For this situation, Jean is looked by a moral quandary where she needs to gauge her choices without annihilating her remedial relationship with Mary and her work. Jean needs to evaluate her expert codes, the conceivable legitimate ramifications and the client’s needs before setting out on discovering resolve. In spite of the fact that Mary is currently invested in the guiding, it’s not satisfactory that she is so dedicated to the treatment, also, Mary is conceivably too sincerely hindered that, she is befuddled about positive purpose. Mary’s from the beginning doesn’t need her concern to be uncovered, and furthermore, she is apprehensive her choices may result to additionally appearance of her life, jeopardize her son and hence open her to dangers. She has trusted in Jean and Jean has, through expert morals, to look for a legitimate philosophy of capturing Mary’s issue. As indicated by Hill, Glaser and Harden, moral thought which covers natural and subjective degrees of thinking and conâ ­crete models for moral dynamic, and remarks apparently arises as Mary wouldn't like to be realized that she is going to advising exercises most certainly by her significant other. Issues of in regards to the data and circumstance of the casualty classified is clashing with a lot of methodology which would help resolve Mary’s case. As such some moral contemplations in favor of Jean are fundamental to discover an answer and to all the more properly help Mary and the kid. Moral contemplations Jean has a commitment to protect regard for people. This means regarding the self-sufficiency and self-assurance of the person in question. The setting of privacy emerges as the chief issue Jean is confronting. Mary is looking for review notwithstanding; she is as yet unbending about inevitabilities which she needs to look in case of complete partition with her significant other. Most precisely, she is monetarily incapable thus would prefer to endure further maltreatment than starve in the roads. From this viewpoint, Jean is confronting a significant moral issue since she needs to assess the requirement for helping this lady while simultaneously; she stays quiet about her concern. This is an aftereffect of Mary’s tension about the dangerous social, physical, mental and legitimate results of disâ ­closing her experience. Her circumstance is portrayed by precariousness, weakness, dread, reliance and loss of self-rule. Jean has an obligation to ensure the individuals who need self-rule, including giving security from damage or misuse. Any legitimate activity focused on Mary’s spouse will positively conjure a stalemate which will additionally influence Mary. Mary has trusted in Jean and Jean’s obligation is to gauge and survey the alternatives most appropriate to help Mary moving forward without any more encroaching her physiological prosperity. In any case, Jean has an increasingly significant job in her ability; she is presently endowed with the government assistance of Mary and the youngster in question (Nama and Schwartz 2002). She has a job which incorporates limiting dangers and guaranteeing that benefits which Mary will get exceed dangers and outcomes which would hurt Mary and her kid. The kid is another issue which Jean needs to morally consider. The youngster has endured is as yet presented to both physical and physiological risks. Jean has an obligation to guarantee that, the kid is ensured and that she equitably conveys the advantages of kid assurance without encroaching Mary’s physiological prosperity (Brasseur 2001).On this kid issue, research has demonstrated that both maternal melancholy and social misfortune lead to traded off social, intellectual, and enthusiastic results for babies (Murray and Cooper, 1997), as such Jean has a tremendous duty to help the kid also. Peruse additionally Ethical Dilemma â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross†Ã¢ by David Mamet Be that as it may; Jean needs to gauge the risk hopeless in the event that she helps the person in question. Her choices and contribution in executing the best and succinct choices may result to extraordinary legitimate repercussions on her side (WHO 2007). As indicated by Nama and Schwartz, as a social specialist, Jean may wind up going past her boss code of morals (6). Classification The setting of classification comes up when Mary admits her awful life and the touchy issue of the boy’s badgering. Jean has been favored by Mary as a partner paying little mind to her situation as a social specialist. Furthermore, Mary has affirmed that the kid is in extraordinary hazard if the dad keeps on being close to him. The requirement for trusting is to edge closer to reality with regards to both Mary’s and the baby’s condition and if the dad had in any capacity attacked or even explicitly ambushed the infant. This depends on the way that Mary needs the issue of the child and the dad left well enough alone. Jean has an obligation to caution the patient of the approaching perils of returning to her significant other and the ensuing consequences on the infant (143). The spouse may be increasingly fierce and as he is utilized to, beat her and misuse the youngster. Jean should, evaluate and record Mary’s issues and educate the obligated specialists. Along these lines, the standards of the act of educated assent won’t put Jean at a danger of arraignments since if ‘the customers' security is endangered, Mary gambled with her assent completely mindful of the suggestions as exhorted by Jean (Bednar et al., 1991). As indicated by Hill, Glaser and Harden, ‘the security of Mary outweighs Mary consenting to treatment in this crisis circumstance (143). Tending to the issues From the beginning, Jean should archive Mary’s case and advise the facilitator regarding the blocking issue. Along these lines she will have the option to introduce valid proof about Mary’s case to any referral or during advising. Reporting Mary’s case is the underlying advance to address the issue. This, she ought to do in a way that wont chance the privacy of the people in question. She should make accessible the essential consideration Mary and the youngster need. This she ought to do at the most punctual comfort even before Mary tells away any further issues she is confronting. Jean has just surveyed the prompt outcomes of previous treatment and since Mary’s conduct reacâ ­tion to the current circumstance is conceivably hurtful to herself and the infant. On the off chance that help isn't offered promptly, she needs to make whatever strides are important to guarantee no mischief comes to Mary and the infant (Bednar et al). In that capacity, Jean needs to secure the privacy to guarantee the infant and the moms are protected just as herself (WHO, 2001). Jean should contemplate that the victim’s physical security is the most significant advance; as such she ought not permit Mary to leave the office at all until a purpose is found. Likewise, she should ensure the secrecy of the casualty remains organized. Each settle she uses ought to be planned for diminishing any conceivable caused to Mary. The infant ought to be given all vital kid assurance comforts and remained careful. This ought to be organized to turn away Mary’s unreasonableness from taking uncommon enthusiastic cost for the infant. These activities will defend both the mother and infant. Conference There is a dire requirement for Jean to talk with pertinent specialists about the issue of the spouse. This depends on a natural and the basic evaluative degrees of good thinking as contended by Kitchener (1984). This will assist Jean with having a foundation and a foreword on what Mary needs in treatment and on the off chance that, she Jean, is able or can't, founded on a psychological assessment of the certainty part of the case, keep on guiding Mary. This will instantly prompt talking with another guide to support Mary. Jean needs to account if the psychological and sound rests are useful for both the subjects and herself, and if, in her point of view, would they befit her (Hill, Glaser and Harden, 12). Through interview Jean can have the option to recognize a superior treatment. She and the partner can reconsider the information Jean has gathered about the patient and thought of a progressively unequivocal determination. The new determination may influence Mary and penetrate the morals of privacy, yet they are viable and would result to helping Mary for the last time. Not to respect the customer's decision without convincing reasons would comprise a paternalistic reaction from the Jean (Hill, Glaser and Harden, 25). The contemplations here should target ensuring more advantages and less damage came to Mary theoretically paying little heed to her recognition. Jean will proceed to assess and counsel about the case to discover increasingly suitable purposes in head. To talk with somebody and archive the interview if all else fails is a compulsory practice which Jean ought not disregard. Counsel is obligatory since the circumstance includes physical mischief to both Mary and the child and dangers and circumâ ­stances in which misuse is defenseless (Hill, Glaser and Harden, 25). Obligation Jean Is currently bound in head as the gatekeeper to Mary. She needs to catch up the case and ensure that Mary’s treatment proceeds in order to have her engaged to get free and can have self-rule and a passionate equalization so as

Hipsters Campus

Fashionable people Campus Birthplace of Hipsterism The term â€Å"hipsters† normally allude to a subculture of people in their 20’s and 30’s, living in urban zones that esteem and advance free reasoning, dynamic legislative issues, and appreciate things (apparel, music, food, exercises, and so forth) not regularly found in the social standard. Hipsterism as per writing is a perspective. Most trendy people are knowledgeable, inventive, and people who dismiss customary mentalities, ideas, and standards. They frequently like to work in innovative ventures, for example, music, workmanship, and design. Celebrated Hollywood on-screen characters Johnny Depp and James Franco including vocalist Miley Cyrus are trendy people. The starting point of Hipster subculture can be followed back during the 1940s when the English word â€Å"hip† was first utilized as a comparable to â€Å"hepcat†, a snazzy and dynamic youngster very much aware of the most recent pattern in music and style. During the 1950s, fashionable people were called â€Å"beatnik† or â€Å"hippie†, an individual with solid feeling of estrangement from a conventional social standard. Investigation of African-American slang follows the causes of hip in Wolof (a language of slaves from Senegal and beach front Gambia during the 1700s) action word â€Å"hippie† or â€Å"to open one’s eye†. The fashionable person subculture of the 1940s developed from a gathering exhausted of standard schedules and cultural standards into stylish jazz darlings concentrating on making bonds with those of a similar class and foundations through music. Today, albeit sharing a comparable enthusiasm for music and exhausted of standard culture, current fashionable people are not really individuals from the lower class, progressively free, deliberate, and explicit in the manner in which they think, and resolved to keep up the hip paying little mind to financial status. They are more intrigued by style and appearance than belief system and cultural issues. They express dismissal of standard standards through garments, for example, wearing an unexpected costly T-shirt made to look worn and battered. Need to know more? Go here: Is High IQ a Guarantee of Academic Success? Leave a Message Easing Students School-Related Stress Brilliant Sides of Academic Intellectuals We Call Nerds What Education Do You Need to Become a Master Chef? The Hipsters’ Campus Schools and colleges are â€Å"hotbeds† of hip trying to rehearse and advance their different points of view, thoughts, and societies. These trendy people ordinarily wear thin pants and popular garments, open air situated (skiers and snowboarders), liberal in their perspectives, and vocal about their backing. Some school resources are additionally fashionable people in their stylish garments, a liberal methodology in educating, and pushing whimsical scholarly practices. A hipsters’ grounds seems one that is situated in effectively open regions, having a trustworthy or multi-granted grounds radio broadcasts, offering liberal and expressive arts, and for all intents and purposes encompassed by various second hand shops and boutiques. Trendy people enthusiasm for liberal and expressive arts as indicated by a Forbes magazine article made an unevenness in the American economy due to under-business and absence of school graduates with math and science related degrees. For example, since more than ninety thousand Americans (for the most part fashionable people) graduate school with workmanship degrees every year, the American workforce is commanded by craftsmen rather organizers, designers, specialists, and other people who can build and work hardware to help monetary execution and development. As it were, America needs more geeks and less fashionable people to guarantee financial development or â€Å"Up with researcher! Down with artists.† So as to the purported â€Å"Epidemic of Hipsters†, the American government as indicated by this article will give school credits, grants, and awards to understudies in fields with critical overflows, for example, building and software engineering. Sadly, utilization of fashionable people studying move, humanism, and English will be overlooked.

Joint Japan World Bank Graduate Scholarship Program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Joint Japan World Bank Graduate Scholarship Program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Recently we posted information on a $33,000 scholarship opportunity for U.S. citizens, nationals, or permanent residents.   For this entry we have a scholarship opportunity that has provided an average award of $35,000 a year to nationals of World Bank Member countries. The Joint Japan World Bank Graduate Scholarship Program (JJ/WBGSP) is a wonderful opportunity for those that qualify and wish to submit an application.   It does require a completely separate application from the application submitted to SIPA and it is available via the JJ/WBGSP web site.   The deadline to apply is March 31, 2011. Here is a brief description of the basic qualifications needed to apply, see the site referenced above for full details. To apply for a JJ/WBGSP scholarship under the Regular Program, an applicant must: * Be a national of a World Bank member country eligible to borrow. * Be born after March 31, 1971. * Have, by March 31, 2011, at least 2, preferably 4 to 5, years of recent full time professional experience acquired after a university degree, in the applicant’s home country or in another developing country. * Hold a bachelors degree or its equivalent. * Be in good health. * Be of good character. * Not be a permanent resident or a national of any industrialized country. * Not be residing in an industrialized country for more than one year. * Not be an Executive Director, his/her alternate, staff of the World Bank Group (the World Bank, International Finance Corporation, International Development Association, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, and International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes), consultant, or relative of the aforementioned.

Macbeth and Picture of Dorian Gray Essay - 1821 Words

The Picture of Dorian Gray – Victorian Era Gray swaps his soul for the painting through an indirect Faustian Bargain. Quote: Yes, there is nothing in the whole world I would not give! I would give my soul for that! Social Values/Context: Aestheticism was exposed to Dorian Gray by Lord Henry who was an aesthetic himself, which ultimately leads to the Faustian Bargain. Quote: Oh, she is better than good – she is beautiful, murmured Lord Henry, sipping a glass of vermouth and orange-bitters. Dorian says she is beautiful, and he is not often wrong about things of that kind. Your portrait of him has quickened his appreciation of the personal appearance of other people. It has had that excellent effect, amongst others. Historical†¦show more content†¦This reflects the convention of appearance versus reality, and through this the appearance of Gray and the reality he lives in is represented through his insatiable desire for eternal beauty. Wilde intends to use the conventional theme of appearance versus reality in a Faustian Bargain to convey the idea of a fatal correspondence between the painting and Dorian’s life. Where the painting’s appearance differs exponentially from Gray’s reality of corrupt and murderous behaviour. Shakespeare also displays the fatal correspondence that exists between the witches’ prophecy in his play Macbeth, which reflects on the Faustian Bargain theme. Elizabethan period sparked a profound interest in witchcraft, and through this Shakespeare had used the three witches as the catalyst for Macbeth’s Faustian Bargain. A parallel can be drawn with Macbeth’s reality and the appearance of his fate through the prophecy of the witches, who act as external manipulators of Macbeth’s thoughts. Through biblical allusion the fact that the witches are prophets of Macbeth’s destiny is ironic, as they are not acting in the place of God, but in the place of Satan. 1. Dorian Gray: Values can affect the induction of the Faustian Bargain, through both texts the values and how they affect the introduction of the Faustian Bbargain are explored through the relationships and values of the characters. The novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde exploresShow MoreRelatedEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 PagesAP ENGLISH LIT AND COMP FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS 2004 (Form A): Critic Roland Barthes has said, â€Å"Literature is the question minus the answer.† Choose a novel or play and, considering Barthes’ Observation, write an essay in which you analyze a central question the work raises and the extent to which it offers any answers. Explain how the author’s treatment of this question affects your understanding of the work as a whole. Avoid mere plot summary. You may select a work from the list below or anotherRead MoreRhetorical Devices3007 Words   |  13 Pages | | |Gross as her sire, and as her mother grave (Pope, Dunciad) | | |Fair is foul and foul is fair. (Shakespeare, Macbeth) | | |Swans sing before they die – ‘twere no bad thing | | |Did certain persons die before they

Attack Ad Effectiveness - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2168 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Advertising Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? In the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election Attack ads were a major part of the 2012 presidential election campaign in the U.S. In fact, the Washington Post reports that of the $404 million that was spent on TV ads in favour of Barack Obama, 85% ($343.4 million) was spent on negative ads, while of the $492 million spent on TV ads in favour of Mitt Romney, 91% ($447.72 million) was spent on negative ads (Andrews, Keating, Yourish, 2012). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Attack Ad Effectiveness" essay for you Create order The attack ad strategies of both candidates were very similar. In fact, the top ten U.S. states in which the candidates spent campaign funds on negative TV ads were exactly the same, with Florida, Virginia, and Ohio being the top three respectively (Andrews, Keating, Yourish, 2012). Given that the vast majority of money spent on TV ads was spent on negative ads, it is reasonable to believe that there must be some efficacy to such ads. In this project, scholarly research on the effectiveness of attack ads in the 2012 U.S. presidential campaign is reviewed in order to answer the question when and in what circumstances were the attack ads effective during this election? Interests Group Involvement and Attack Ads Recent trends in media and campaign ad funding may contribute to the high number of attack ads in the 2012 U.S. presidential campaign, as well as the campaigns high ratio of negative-to-positive ads. While the percentage of negative ads coming directly from the campaigns of the candidates increased significantly from 2008 to 2012, the majority of the increase in negative ads is attributable to the rise in campaign ads that were not funded by the candidates campaigns (Fowler, 2012). In fact, 60% of presidential campaign ads in 2012 were funded by groups other than presidential campaign groups (Fowler, 2012). This is a huge increase from 2008 in which 97% of ads were funded by presidential candidate campaigns (Fowler, 2012). The number of ads from interest groups increased by 1,100% from 2008 to 2012, while the number of TV ads from political parties increased from zero in 2008 to almost 10,000 in 2012 (Fowler, 2012).   Moreover, in 2008, ads from presidential candidates were only 9% negative, while those from interest groups were 25% negative (Fowler, 2012). These numbers quickly changed by 2012, in which 53% of ads from the presidential candidates themselves were negative and 86% from interest groups were negative (Fowler, 2012). The increase in the involvement of special interest groups in advertisement campaigns only partially explains the increase in attack ads in 2012. The change in media and the rise of social media may be able to explain partially both the increase in special interest group participation and the increase in attack ads. Polarized Parties and Polarized Media Several recent changes in news media may have affected not only the number of political attack ads, but also the efficacy of such ads. One major change in news media is that it now covers political ad campaigns much more than in the past. In fact, from 1960 to 2008, the percentage of political news articles and segments that covered political ads rose by over 500% (Geer, 2012). On one hand, the increased coverage of political ads may be because of the increase in attack ads. After all, attack ads tend to be more controversial and news-worthy than positive ads. On the other hand, however, the increase in attack ads may be, in part, the result of an increase in media coverage of negative ads. Geer (2012) argues that news media now cover negative ads so extensively that they have given candidates and their consultants extra incentive to produce and air them (p. 423). There may or may not be a mutualistic relationship between attack ads and media coverage of political ads. Nevertheless , the clear increase in both may help to increase the efficacy of attack ads, given that such ads may receive more media coverage. If it is the case that the medias willingness to cover negative political ads more than positive ads does, in fact, encourage more attack ads, there is not a necessary increase in the efficacy of such ads. Geer (2012) holds that the increase in media coverage on attack ads does not mean that such coverage is in any way influential to voters; that is, it is not typically the goal of news organizations to influence voters. Thus, while an attack ad may receive more public attention because of the media, the increase in attention may not be necessarily favourable or unfavourable to any candidate. Another recent change in news media is its partisanship. Now, many U.S. news outlets are partisan or are considered to be partisan by viewers. For example, just as Fox News is considered to be a conservative news organization that promotes Republican politicia ns over Democratic politicians, MSNBC is considered to be a liberal news organization (Jacobson, 2013). The polarization of the media may actually be the result of the polarization of the current two-party federal political system in the U.S. (Sides Vavreck, 2014). In the last decade, the democratic and republican political parties in the U.S. have moved further away ideologically, resulting in substantial gridlock in Congress (Sides Vavreck, 2014). Such disagreement and polarization may, on one hand, lead to an increase in attack ads. Attack ads may seem more effective when there is such a large ideological divide between the parties. On the other hand, such political polarization has likely contributed to the polarization of news outlets (Sides Vavreck, 2014), which, in turn, further encourages attack ads. Even with the increase in polarized parties and media outlets, attack ads may not be an effective means to sway voters towards or away from particular candidates. Attack Ad Rationale and Efficacy A meta-analysis of research studies on the effects of political attack ads reveals that attack ads tends to be more memorable and stimulate more knowledge about political campaigns than positive campaign ads (Lau, Sigelman, Rovner, 2007). Despite these effects, campaign attack ads were not found to be effective at convincing individuals to either change their votes or to vote in an election (Lau, Sigelman, Rovner, 2007). Moreover, the results of the meta-analysis revealed that attack ads have significant negative effects on individual perceptions of the political system, trust in government, and public mood (Lau, Sigelman, Rovner, 2007). A more recent meta-analysis conducted by Fridkin and Kenney (2011) found that in some cases campaign attack ads can be effective at lower voter evaluations of targeted candidates. However, Fridkin and Kenney (2011) also found that in certain circumstances, attack ads lower voter evaluations of the attacking candidates. For an attack ad to be effective, the researchers found that the attack ad must bring up a relevant issue that is reinforced with fact or must present the opposing candidate as being uncivil in some significant way. Otherwise, the attack ad may have no effect or even a negative effect on voters. Additionally, Fridkin and Kenney (2011) found that effects from attack ads on voter evaluations of candidates tend to be very small. Social Media and Attack Ads The rise of social media has dramatically changed the political advertising landscape. The 2012 presidential campaign features another strong social media showing by President Obama, who outspent every other candidate in social media advertising in his successful 2008 presidential run (West, 2013). Social media allowed Obama to reach key demographics much more effectively than general television commercials allowed (West, 2013). Social media allows candidates to contrast a higher number of messages and aim specific messages at target audiences effectively (West, 2013). This is extremely important during a time in which there are so many issues of disagreement between the two major U.S. political parties and in which transparency is highly valued (West, 2013). Social media outlets serve as a significant platform for all political ads and their content, altering the ways in which we tend to think about politics and the media. Another important aspect of social media and attack ads is that social media acts as a platform for social discussions on attack ads. Just as the news media tends to cover attack ads more than positive political ads, members of social media sites tend to openly discuss attack ads more than positive political ads (Hong Nadler, 2012). Thus, the rise of social media may have further encouraged the use of attack ads during the 2012 U.S. presidential election. Even so, as with news media, there is no significant evidence that the increase in news media coverage generated from attack ads alters voter behaviour or attitudes (Hong Nadler, 2012). As a result, the effectiveness of attack ads cannot be confirmed. A Deeper Look into the 2012 Election and its Attack Ads The 2012 presidential election featured Mitt Romney, who spent significantly more on attack ads than Barack Obama (Andrews, Keating, Yourish, 2012). Moreover, a greater ratio of Romneys television ads were attack ads (Andrews, Keating, Yourish, 2012). Nevertheless, Obama was the victor in the election, as well as the popular vote. The results of the 2012 presidential election, however, do not suggest that attack ads are ineffective. Incumbent candidates are more likely to win elections, including presidential elections, in the U.S. than non-incumbents (Sides Vavreck, 2014). Thus, the efficacy of the attack ads used by either candidate cannot be determined based on the outcome of the election alone. Of the six most memorable attack ads of the 2012 U.S. presidential election, West (2013) argues, five were attack ads. The first is an attack ad from Obama about Romneys Swiss Bank account. This attack ad may have been effective with moderate voters because it singled Romney out as having a major interest in big business, as opposed to improving the middle-class (West, 2013). Additionally, the ad had high relevance to a real issue, which meets the Fridkin and Kenney (2011) criteria for an ad that may be effective at reducing favourability with a particular candidate. The second ad is from Romney and targeted Obamas failure to bring unemployment levels to acceptable levels (West, 2013). This ad targeted a real issue, while providing a positive aspect, which is that Romney has the business experience to create jobs as President. The third attack ad is also from Romney and claimed that Obamas recent tax plan would raise taxes on the middle class (2013). This can be viewed as a direct rebuttal to Obamas attack ad and consequently addresses a real and relevant topic. The fourth memorable attack ad in this campaign is the attack from the American Crossroads, which is a Super Political Action Committee (PAC). The attack targets Obamas celebrity status (West, 2013 ). This attack fails to address any real issue and, thus, should not be viewed under the Fridkin and Kenney (2011) criteria as being able to influence voter favourability toward Obama. Finally, the Priorities USA Super PAC targeted Romneys capitalization on Bain Capital, again indicating that Romney does not have the interests of the middle-class in mind, but instead has the interests of the upper-class in mind. This attack ad addresses a highly relevant issue. For the most part, the attack ads of the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election were likely to be somewhat effective in decreasing voter favourability. While there is no strong evidence that attack ads actually sway voter decisions or voter turnout (Lau, Sigelman, Rovner, 2007), there is evidence that voter favourability of a candidate can be decreased through political attack ads when such ads address a relevant issue (Fridkin Kenney, 2011). Moreover, attack ads tend to generate considerably more media attention than positive political ads. While this may seem, prima facie, to benefit candidates who put out attack ads, there is no evidence that such media coverage influences voter behaviour. Thus, the logic behind one of the primary reasons for attack ads may be flawed. Nevertheless, the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election featured a number of attack ads, many of which were on-topic and relevant, others were off-topic and irrelevant. The actual effectiveness of these attack ads is not currently known, though they likely, at the very least, increased media coverage for the targeted candidates. References Andrews, W., Keating, D., Yourish, K. (2012) Mad Money: TV Ads in the 2012 Presidential Campaign. The Washington Post. Accessed on 15 October 2015 from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/track-presidential-campaign-ads-2012/ Fridkin, K. L., Kenney, P. (2011) Variability in Citizens Reactions to Different Types of Negative Campaigns. American Journal of Political Science, 55(2), pp.307-325. Fowler, E. F. (2012) Presidential Ads 70 Percent Negative in 2012, Up from 9 Percent in 2008. Wesleyan Media Project, May, 2, pp.119-136. Geer, J. G. (2012) The News Media and the Rise of Negativity in Presidential Campaigns. PS: Political Science Politics, 45(03), pp.422-427. Hong, S., Nadler, D. (2012) Which candidates do the public discuss online in an election campaign?: The use of social media by 2012 presidential candidates and its impact on candidate salience. Government Information Quarterly, 29(4), pp.455-461. Jacobson, G. C. (2013) How the Economy and Partisanship Shaped the 2012 Presidential and Congressional Elections. Political Science Quarterly, 128(1), pp.1-38. Lau, R. R., Sigelman, L., Rovner, I. B. (2007) The Effects of Negative Political Campaigns: a Metaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?analytic Reassessment. Journal of Politics, 69(4), pp.1176-1209. Sides, J., Vavreck, L. (2014) The Gamble: Choice and Chance in the 2012 Presidential Election. Princeton University Press. West, D. M. (2013) Air Wars: Television Advertising and Social Media in Election Campaigns, 1952-2012. Sage.

Love Letter to Her Free Essays

From the moment I heard your voice I felt a connection to your soul. I can still remember exactly how you looked the day we first met. Your beautiful eyes captured my heart and your smile erased any and all doubts that I had ever experienced. We will write a custom essay sample on Love Letter to Her or any similar topic only for you Order Now When you opened your arms I stepped into your loving, kind embrace and knew that I was â€Å"home† right where I had always belonged. You knew just the words to say to put me at ease and when your hand reached out to hold mine, I realized that I had found my future, my soul-mate and the love that I had always dreamed of discovering. We spoke for hours about every possible subject and never ran out of words to say to each other. I could see the longing and passion in your eyes and I am sure that it was a reflection of the incredibly intense desire that I was feeling at the same moment. The world had ceased to exist and there were only the two of us sitting next to each other, holding hands and experiencing emotions that we had never felt before. When you first whispered the words, â€Å"I love you,† into my ear as we walked towards your room, it was the happiest moment in my life. My joy was deeper, richer and more intense than I had ever dreamed possible. I can remember the tears in my eyes as I turned to look at you. The kiss we shared that night was one I shall never forget. Having to tell you â€Å"Good Night† and return home without you was the hardest thing that I have ever had to do in my life. Even knowing that you would call me on the phone later to wish me goodnight once more made our parting no easier to bear. The moments when we were apart seemed like a bitter eternity and I could barely wait until the next time I would see you or talk to you. Never have distances seemed so long and cold and lonely. Our phone conversations would often have long moments where the two of us just held the phone to our ears and took comfort from the sound of the other’s soft breathing. You are the only person that could cause my heart to skip a beat with just a sidelong glance or a gentle smile. I gaze into your eyes and lose track of where I am, and even who I am. Your voice stirs a deeply intense longing in every fiber of my body and your caress makes me feel as though I am melting inside. These are feelings that I never knew existed and now I never want to lose these feelings, not even for a moment. Ever since you came into my life I have known what true love and desire really are and these are emotions that many people will never know. You appear to me in my dreams and even these imaginary kisses rock my world and thrill me to the very core of my being. I can barely wait until the night is here, when I can lie in bed and dream of you once more. I want nothing more than to spend my life with you at my side. When I wake in the morning I want to find you there beside me. When I go to sleep at night I want to feel your arms holding me, protecting me from the world. You are the one true love of my life and I am only sorry that it took us so many years to meet. Now that we have found each other and are making a life together I will never again know the empty feelings of loneliness. You have made my life complete and I shall cherish your incredible gift of unconditional love and devotion until the moment that my body takes its last breath on this Earth. I love you, my babygirl No matter what the future holds for us I will love you until the end of time, and beyond. These words are my promise to never take you for granted or doubt the love that binds us for now and all eternity. How to cite Love Letter to Her, Papers

Watching My Little Sister Grow Up Essay Example For Students

Watching My Little Sister Grow Up Essay I spent little time with my younger sister during her infancy ages because she moved to the United States from Nigeria when she was almost about 5 years old. I could relate a lot of experience I had while we lived together to this chapter. This was a very interesting chapter and it answered countless questions about babies, and mostly why they act so stupid. I was a 9 years old kid who looks after his younger sister while my mother takes care of her other business, my mother used to be an authoritarian parent, while my dad was more of permissive parent. My mom made me learn how to change diapers, make baby food and some other girly things, and when I ask her why I am doing all this, she says because I told you so and she is your sister, you need to learn how to care for her when I am not there but sometimes my dad would help me instead. This chapter revealed to me, why I think my baby sister got more attached to me than every other person in the house and why she always comes to me when she need anything. My baby sister coming to me whenever she wanted something was a bit problem, because my mom would say you are spoiling my baby, which I thought I was never spoiling my sister by giving her all she wanted and asked for. To me I was just been a sweet brother, who loves his baby sister and gained her trust. Although sometimes she acts like a brainless human being, this was so annoying and frustrating. When she was about 12 months, her brain developed physically; she could crawl, sit by herself and walk. This was good because 25 percent of babies walked by 11 months, 50 percent within a week after their first birthday, and 90 percent by age 15 months (Frankenburg et al. , 1992). But still she was a lazy baby, she could walk but still decide on to crawl, sometimes she would cry for me to carry her instead of walking or crawling like she does to where ever she wanted, she manipulates me. When she was almost about 3 years old, some part cognitive mentality was a bit reasonable because from 3 to 6, the most rapid brain growth was in your frontal lobes which enable rational planning, control of your attention and behavior development (Garon et al. , 2008). During this period, my sister had stranger anxiety. She wouldnt let any other person touch her or carry her, whenever I am getting dressed for school in the morning, she cries and wants to go with me. So one day my dad thought they should sign her up for a preschool. On her first day at school, my mom said she cried all day. She was crying until my dad had to go pick her up, thats when she stopped crying Children this age have schemas for familiar faces, when they cannot recognize new faces they become distressed (Kagan 1984). Because of that, she was signed up in a preschool where my aunty was a caregiver. So because she was familiar with my aunty and my little cousin, going to preschool was more different and enjoyable. As time passed by, her brain was more developed and she knew a lot better . She was no longer the little baby that touches her poop after shes done pooping . I get so mad and disgusted because my mom makes me clean it, and tell me shes just a baby. My baby sister is now 13 years old . Whos about to be in high school and has reached the state of adolescence. She now talks back to me and wants to stands on her words and thinks she is always doing the right things ,well Pubertys hormonal surge and limbic system development help explain teens Occasional impulsive and risky behaviors, and emotional storms †slamming doors and turning up the music (Casey et al. 2008). Sometimes I feel like beating her ass up and remind her; .u5a1e03800f6080e33112e26dc4ddb579 , .u5a1e03800f6080e33112e26dc4ddb579 .postImageUrl , .u5a1e03800f6080e33112e26dc4ddb579 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5a1e03800f6080e33112e26dc4ddb579 , .u5a1e03800f6080e33112e26dc4ddb579:hover , .u5a1e03800f6080e33112e26dc4ddb579:visited , .u5a1e03800f6080e33112e26dc4ddb579:active { border:0!important; } .u5a1e03800f6080e33112e26dc4ddb579 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5a1e03800f6080e33112e26dc4ddb579 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5a1e03800f6080e33112e26dc4ddb579:active , .u5a1e03800f6080e33112e26dc4ddb579:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5a1e03800f6080e33112e26dc4ddb579 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5a1e03800f6080e33112e26dc4ddb579 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5a1e03800f6080e33112e26dc4ddb579 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5a1e03800f6080e33112e26dc4ddb579 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5a1e03800f6080e33112e26dc4ddb579:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5a1e03800f6080e33112e26dc4ddb579 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5a1e03800f6080e33112e26dc4ddb579 .u5a1e03800f6080e33112e26dc4ddb579-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5a1e03800f6080e33112e26dc4ddb579:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Shakespeare's Othello - Honest Iago Othello EssayI was the person you always ran to when you were still a baby, I cleaned up all you poop and watched you grow into what you are. But the truth is, we are bows from which children as living arrows are sent forth (Khalil Gibran, The Prophet, 1923), I have been in this same stage and I know what it is feels like to be a teenage and how we think about certain things ,because we still going through cognitive development of childhood, so dont judged us.

Double Indemnity Essays - English-language Films, Film Noir

Double Indemnity If Double Indemnity is short on any aspect which defines a good film-noir, tension is certainly not one of them. Director Billy Wilder manages to keep the tension as thick as syrup through the duration of the movie, despite the fact that the audience is, from the start, already aware of the murder that has taken place, as well as the main protagonist Walter Neffs role in it and his impending doom. Wilder makes this clear, as Neff, obviously mortally wounded in the opening scene, tells the entire tale in flashback after his confession I killed Dietrichson me, Walter Neff. One of the more interesting manners in which he does this is through Neffs relationship with his friend and the firms Claim Manager Burton Keyes. The relationship between the two men is key to creating and maintaining the tension and suspense throughout the movie. While Neff was sure he knew the system inside out, well enough to be able to pull off the deed without getting caught, the only man he was afraid of was none other than Keyes, whose inner man unerringly sniffed out false claims. The most obvious device that Wilder uses between Neff and Keyes is the lighting of cigarettes/cigars. In key points throughout the film where Keyes appears to be close to cracking the case but comes up short, he always has trouble lighting up his cigar, and Neff lights it up with a wooden match. In the final scene, however, when Neff no longer has things under control, Keyes reciprocates the favor. Films and Cinema

The Great Irish Famine Was a Turning Point in History

The Great Irish Famine Was a Turning Point in History In the early 1800s, the impoverished and rapidly-growing rural population of Ireland had become almost totally dependent on one crop. Only the potato could produce enough food to sustain families farming the tiny plots of land the Irish peasants had been forced onto by British landlords. The lowly potato was an agricultural marvel, but staking the lives of an entire population on it was enormously risky. Sporadic potato crop failures had plagued Ireland in the 1700s and early 1800s. In the mid-1840s, a blight caused by a fungus struck potato plants across all of Ireland. The failure of essentially the entire potato crop for several years led to unprecedented disaster. Both Ireland and America would be changed forever. The Irish Potato Famine The Irish Potato Famine, which in Ireland became known as The Great Hunger, was a turning point in Irish history. It changed Irish society forever, most strikingly by greatly reducing the population. In 1841, Irelands population was more than eight million. It has been estimated that at least one million died of starvation and disease in the late 1840s, and at least another one million immigrated during the famine. Famine hardened resentment toward the British who ruled Ireland. Nationalist movements in Ireland, which had always ended in failure, would now have a powerful new component: sympathetic Irish immigrants living in America. Scientific Causes The botanical cause of the Great Famine was a virulent fungus (Phytophthora infestans), spread by the wind, that first appeared on the leaves of potato plants in September and October of 1845. The diseased plants withered with shocking speed. When the potatoes were dug up for harvest, they were found to be rotting. Poor farmers discovered the potatoes they could normally store and use as provisions for six months had turned inedible. Modern potato farmers spray plants to prevent blight. But in the 1840s, the blight was not well understood, and unfounded theories spread as rumors. Panic set in. The failure of the potato harvest in 1845 was repeated the following year, and again in 1847. Social Causes In the early 1800s, a large part of the Irish population lived as impoverished tenant farmers, generally in debt to British landlords. The need to survive on small plots of rented land created the perilous situation where vast numbers of people depended on the potato crop for survival. Historians have long noted that while Irish peasants were forced to subsist on potatoes, other crops were being grown in Ireland, and food was exported for market in England and elsewhere. Beef cattle raised in Ireland were also exported for English tables. British Government Reaction The response of the British government to the calamity in Ireland has long been a focus of controversy. Government relief efforts were launched, but they were largely ineffective. More modern commentators have noted that economic doctrine in 1840s Britain generally accepted that poor people were bound to suffer and government intervention was not warranted. The issue of English culpability in the catastrophe in Ireland made headlines in the 1990s, during commemorations marking the 150th anniversary of the Great Famine. Britains then-Prime Minister Tony Blair expressed regret over Englands role during commemorations of the 150th anniversary of the famine. The New York Times reported at the time that Mr. Blair stopped short of making a full apology on behalf of his country. Devastation It is impossible to determine precise numbers of the dead from starvation and disease during the Potato Famine. Many victims were buried in mass graves, their names unrecorded. It has been estimated that at least half a million Irish tenants were evicted during the famine years. In some places, particularly in the west of Ireland, entire communities simply ceased to exist. The residents either died, were driven off the land, or chose to find a better life in America. Leaving Ireland Irish immigration to America proceeded at a modest pace in the decades before the Great Famine. It has been estimated that only 5,000 Irish immigrants per year arrived in the United States prior to 1830. The Great Famine increased those numbers astronomically. Documented arrivals during the famine years are well over half a million. It is assumed that many more arrived undocumented, perhaps by landing first in Canada and walking into the United States. By 1850, the population of New York City was said to be 26 percent Irish. An article titled Ireland in America in the New York Times on April 2, 1852, recounted the continuing arrivals: On Sunday last three thousand emigrants arrived at this port. On Monday there were over two thousand. On Tuesday over five thousand arrived. On Wednesday the number was over two thousand. Thus in four days twelve thousand persons were landed for the first time upon American shores. A population greater than that of some of the largest and most flourishing villages of this State was thus added to the City of New York within ninety-six hours. Irish in a New World The flood of Irish into the United States had a profound effect, especially in urban centers where the Irish exerted political influence and got involved in municipal government, most notably in the police and fire departments. In the Civil War, entire regiments were composed of Irish troops, such as those of New Yorks famed Irish Brigade. In 1858, the Irish community in New York City had demonstrated that it was in America to stay. Led by a politically powerful immigrant, Archbishop John Hughes, the Irish began building the largest church in New York City. They called it St. Patricks Cathedral, and it would replace a modest cathedral, also named for Irelands patron saint, in lower Manhattan. Construction was halted during the Civil War, but the enormous cathedral was finally finished in 1878. Thirty years after the Great Famine, the twin spires of St. Patricks dominated the skyline of New York City. And on the docks of lower Manhattan, the Irish kept arriving. Source Ireland in America. The New York TImes, April 2, 1852. Lyall, Sarah. Past as Prologue: Blair Faults Britain in Irish Potato Blight. The New York Times, June 3, 1997.

Multinational Marketing Information Systems Term Paper

Multinational Marketing Information Systems - Term Paper Example The strategy usually involves a choice – to either standardize or adapt. Most of the time, the company chooses a strategy that is a combination of both standardization and adaptation. Standardization refers to the application of a marketing mix to the whole global market – the same solution applied in the company’s home (North American) market, for instance, is used likewise employed in its newly opened Southeast Asian operations, for instance. This obviously has its drawbacks at first glance. Total standardization seldom works across different countries because of differences in language, consumer preferences, culture, laws, marketing infrastructure, and competition structure. (Alimiene et al, 2008) On the other hand, seldom does the total adaptation of marketing solutions work for a multinational enterprise, either. In such situations, the company could not take advantage of the economies of scale, marketing expertise, and information acquired in the other markets where the company maintains its presence. The ideal marketing strategy is one that exploits the advantages of being able to address the cultural differences of foreign markets and separate products that comes with adaptation, while at the same time employing the economies of scale and global market knowledge gained through standardization. The diagram below is presented in order to better highlight the complications involved in multinational marketing strategy formulation. During product development, a stage of the business cycle wherein marketing information plays a determinative factor, the multinational company employs a variety of internal strengths that may emanate from different locations around the globe. For instance, in the example given the product concept is hatched in Singapore, approved in Houston, and designed in Singapore and Taiwan. The final assembly involves production plants in various regions of the world, for local markets.

The Jungle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Jungle - Essay Example A novel that would involve the real aspects of the meat packing yards in Chicago and the resulting ramifications for those involved. A novel that would not only seek to inform but ideally, educate in the same breath and influence the thoughts of those reading the material for themselves. In essence, the book itself would have an impact upon the issue that it was trying to address. In the quest for change to occur, it remains up to anyone concerned, however many that may be, to take the first step toward the implementation of a plan that would lead to the positive change desired. Going to the highest levels of the political echelon, ‘The Jungle’ would ultimately motivate then President Theodore Roosevelt, to move forward with a closer examination of the unhealthy conditions within the industry that Sinclair mentions in his book. One of the most personal choices an individual may make would be the food they chose to eat each evening. The message within ‘The Jungle’, would ultimately resonate with readers in that, with the horrible conditions being present that ultimately, would place into question the reliability of the very beef that so many eat frequently. Often times, political activists are those who seek to argue issues that are of present concern, with potential implications for the future. The characters mentioned within the pages of Sinclair’s work, would take on the appearance of average, everyday workers and families, seeking to make a living and support their families. How those who worked for many years in the stock yards, would take a different view to the work, in comparison to those that would have only been a part of the job for a shorter period of time. The sense of feeling as if the individual person would be invincible of discontent as a result of the work being performed, in the mind of those who would be new to the

Effect of Density on Growth Condition of Climbing Perch

Effect of Density on Growth Condition of Climbing Perch The Effect of Density on Growth Condition of  Anabas Testudineus YUSLINDA BINTI MAT YUNUS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Climbing perch or ikan puyu or betuk (Anabas Testudineus) (Bloch, 1792) is a freshwater species that is commonly found in paddy fields, wells, irrigation channels and in drains. Climbing perches are fishes that are able to travel short distances across the land in search of new water sources or food. Although Thai Climbing Perch has been described as omnivorous, it has a tendency toward carnivorousness (Besra, 2000). Climbing perches are kept for consumption and also for companion animals. This study is to study the effect of stocking density on the growth condition of the climbing perch (Anabas Testudineus) and the best stocking density suitable to maximize the growth of the climbing perch (Anabas Testudineus). To get the exact growth rate of climbing perch, several densities are used, such as 2 fishes/tank, 4 fishes/tank, 6 fishes/tank and 8 fishes/tank. The future extension of this study is the researcher hypothesized that a standardized stocking density of Anabas Testudineus can be used to maximize the growth rate of the Anabas Testudineus thus increasing the quality of the currently available Anabas Testudineus in Malaysia. Climbing perch can become a backbone to the increasingly aquaculture industry as one of the main sources of protein to the human consumption as the tilapia and carp are currently ranked top of the most fishes cultured in Malaysia. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT Since climbing perch are not being cultured and reared commercially in Malaysia, the optimum stocking density of climbing perch is remain unknown for human consumption. Therefore, the rearing of climbing perch under different stocking density is the most suitable method to investigate the most optimum density that the climbing perch can gain most weight on the shortest duration. One of the concerns and issues related to the climbing perch is the availability of the climbing perch for commercial consumption in Malaysia. The climbing perch are not deemed as one of the favourites for the consumption due to its acquired taste and also small in size. 1.3  OBJECTIVES The objectives of the experiment are as follows: To study the effect of different stocking densities on the growth condition of climbing perch (Anabas Testudineus) from different aspects such as from the live weight, survival rate and appearances. To examine the best stocking densities suitable to maximize the growth of climbing perch (Anabas Testudineus) HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY H0 = There will be a decrease in the growth condition of climbing perch as the stocking density increase. 1.4  SCOPES OF THE STUDY The scope of the research is as follows: Only local species ikan puyu (Anabas Testudineus) will be studied in the laboratory. Only one commercial feed were given to the fishes without any additional supplements will be given The research will be conducted in 2 months’ time. 1.5  LIMITATIONS OF STUDY Since the culturing of the Anabas Testudineus from the hatching is quite consuming, the Anabas Testudineus on juvenile stage and forward will be used in the research. Other limitations of the study are that the difficulty of observing the fishes due to its behaviour and size. To solve the limitations, aquaculture tanks will be used instead of ponds so that the fishes can be observed more carefully and more precise results can be obtained. 1.6  SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY Overall, this research can be used for the determination of the optimum density suitable for rearing the climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) that have the maximum growth rate. Other than that, this research can be used as an aspect in determining the standardization of the density required to rear the climbing perch at optimum rate and size. In the future study, this research can be used to rear the climbing perch on larger and commercial scale that can produce and harvest a larger amount of fish that can ultimately support the current consumption of the climbing perch. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1  NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF CLIMBING PERCH According to Wimalasema et.al (1995), climbing perch has edible flesh of approximately of 40.1 ±9.4 grams from its overall weight of 140 grams, moisture content of 70 grams, carbohydrate percentage of 4.4 %, lipid percentage of 8.8 %, protein content of 14.8 %, ash percentage of 0.7 ± 0.4 %, potassium content (mg/g%) of 272.2 mg/g%  ± 57.8 mg/g%, sodium content (mg/g%) of 60.5 mg/g%  ± 8.5 mg/g%, calcium content (mg/g%) of 410 mg/g%, phosphorus content (mg/g%) 390 mg/g% and iron content (mg/g%) of 1.4 mg/g%. The moisture, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and ash contents of marine fish are reported as 66 – 84 %, 0 2.9 %, 15 – 20 %, 0.1 – 20 % and 0.8 – 2 % respectively (Wimalasema et.al, 1995). When the data is compared, climbing perch has quite high percentage of moisture, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and ash contents. This can be used to substitute or replace the demand of marine fish and may provide better nutrient value for money spent. 2.2  TAXONOMY OF CLIMBING PERCH Anabas Testudineus The classification order of the climbing perch genus, Anabas Testudineus are as follows: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Anabantiade Genus: Anabas Species: Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792) Figure 1: Taxonomy of climbing perch 2. 3  EFFECTS OF NUMBERS OF CLIMBING PERCH Anabas Testudineus According to the Khatune et. al (2012), stocking density is related to the volume of water or surface area per fish. Increase in stocking density results in increasing stress, which leads to higher energy requirements, causing a reduction in growth in growth rate and food utilization. It is directly related with the competition for food and space (Rahman et al. 2008d, 2010; Rahman Verdegem 2010). Generally, fish needs to compete less for food and space in lower stocking density than the higher stocking density. The present study provides empirical evidence on the effects of Thai climbing perch stocking density on its growth and survival, where they (growth and survival) were higher in ponds with lower stocking density than the ponds with higher stocking density. There are no previous studies comparing the effects of Thai climbing perch density on its growth and survival in aquaculture ponds. However, Suresh Lin (1992) reported decreasing growth of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Lin naeus 1758) with increasing stocking density. Similar effects of stocking density on survival and growth observed in a wide variety of fish species (Huang Chiu 1997; Imsland et al. 2003; Irwin et al. 1999; Rahman 2006; Rahman Verdegem 2007; Rahman et al. 2008a). According to Khatune et.al (2012), the harvesting weight of climbing perch of 350, 400, and 550 individuals per decimals are 90.03 ±0.04 grams, 87.73 ±0.95 grams and 84.15 ±0.49 grams respectively. The harvesting length of climbing perch of 350, 400, and 550 individuals per decimals are 14.95 ±0.07 cm, 14.30 ±0.28 cm, and 13.55 ±0.0 cm respectively. 2.4  CULTURING CLIMBING PERCH (Anabas Testudineus) WITH OTHER BREED OF FISH Mondal et. al (2010) found that Thai Climbing Perch can be cultured along with other fishes such as tilapia and still showed a high survival rate and growth rate. It is suitable to kept Thai Climbing Perch in cage and other fishes outside the cage compared to the conventional mixed culture system in the same pond without the cage. This is due in the conventional culture system, interspecies and intra-specific competition occurred for food between Tilapia and Thai Climbing Perch that resulted lower growth of Thai Climbing Perch. Culturing Thai Climbing Perch with other species in caged perch system is also more beneficial as it reduces the overall operational cost and increases the net return even though the initial cost for cage is high due its small size, followed by mixed culture and lowest net profit for caged Tilapia. 2.5  CULTURING OF CLIMBING PERCH UNDER DIFFERENT CULTURE SYSTEMS According to Kumar et.al (2013), A. testudineus was found to be highest in pond compared to cage and tank, indicating fastest growth under pond environment, although no significant variation was observed among the different systems. The slopes in all the culture systems were found to be significantly lower than critical isometric value, indicating negative allometric growth; the species becomes leaner as the length increases. Kumar et. al (2013) also noted that environmental factors highly influence the growth performance of an organism. 2.6  IDENTIFICATION OF MALE AND FEMALE OF CLIMBING PERCH (Anabas Testudineus) According to Perera et. al (2013), they noted that the sexual dimorphism in Anabas testiduneus does not distinctly appear, however, it is practically possible during the breeding season. The identification of male and female can be done on the basis of some external features. Male climbing perch are body coloured and darker while females have slightly brighter body colour. Males are slender in appearance while female have swollen abdomen or girth that is distended with the ovary development. When the males are pressed gently on the abdomen, they eject milt while female eject yellowish eggs. Female have greater distance between the base of the pectoral fins than the length of ithmus compare to the male which has lesser length. In the breeding season, the female exhibits a prominent bulge at the vent that resembling genital papilla where the male lack such appearance. 2.7  BREEDING BEHAVIOUR OF CLIMBING PERCH (Anabas Testudineus) Bhuyan et. al (2014) cited that the adults of Anabas testudineus are solitary and aggressive. In nature, the eggs are scattered in open water at the onset of the rains without any nest. The male wraps itself in the female body, fertilizing the eggs as they are laid. Each time 200 colourless eggs are released until about 5000 numbers are laid. The fecundity varies from 5000-35000 numbers. The eggs rise to the surface and float. The eggs hatch in 24 hrs and the fry are about 2-3 mm long. They are free swimming within two days of hatching. In case of artificial breeding with pituitary or synthetic hormone, a single dose of injection for both the male and female spawning actively and courtship behaviour starts after 6 hrs of injection. The water temperature to be maintained is at 280C + 10C. Fertilized eggs float in the surface of water. It takes 18-19 hours for hatching after spawning and newly hatches larvae measures 1.9-2.0 mm in length without any movement. Yolk sac completely absorbs on third day after hatching and settles at the bottom. Egg custard, plankton and Artemia are supplied as artificial feed for those fries up to 20-25 days. The survivability varies from 70-75%. 3.8  SALINITY TOLERANCE OF CLIMBING PERCH (Anabas Testudineus) According to Chotipuntu et.al (2010), they found that eggs successfully hatched in salinities up to 4.5 ppt. In higher salinities hatching dropped and met the lethal median concentration at 5.1 ppt. No hatch was observed in salinities beyond 7.5 ppt. This suggests that a salinity of 4.5 ppt is a threshold concentration for hatching viability of climbing perch eggs. The unsuccessful hatching of freshwater eggs in saline water may result from various factors such as a reduction in activity and viability of sperm due to the inhibition of sperm-activating substances. Salt contained in media may also cause chemical changes in the eggs that triggers releasing of a developmental block or generates irreversible changes that prevent fertilization. Fry of climbing perch were found to tolerate higher salinity than larvae and eggs. Chotipuntu et.al (2010) also found growing the climbing perch in salinity of 6 7 ppt to obtain the best growth. Brackish water ponds of salinities up to proximately 11 ppt are utilizable for climbing perch culture. Brackish water ponds of salinities levels up to proximately 4 ppt are practical for spawning and nursing of climbing perch. CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 TYPE OF MATERIALS USED IN THE RESEARCH 90 climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) 15 aquaculture tanks (3 ft. x 3 ft. x 3ft.) 1 weighing scale Commercial feed pallet River water Mesh net Multi-parameter kit 3.2 ORIGIN OF THE CLIMBING PERCH (Anabas testudineus) All the climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) will be obtained and supplied from the cultured climbing perch from the villagers from Cherang Ruku, Pasir Putih, Kelantan. All the fishes will be selected according on their length of the body and stage of production. All the fishes will have the initial range of weight from 16 to 50 grams for both male and female with accepted difference in weight of 10 grams to 20 grams. 3.3  EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The research will have four different treatments with three replications for each treatment. The treatments will be 2 fishes/tank, 4 fishes/tank, 6 fishes/tank, and 8 fishes/ tank. This will enable the researcher to determine the best density of the climbing perch to gain the most live weight and the largest size on a small scale. The experiment will take two months or eight weeks. The temperature, and light period will be specific during the research period where the designated temperature is at room temperature and light period is 12 hours. The water of the tanks will be changed every week. Kiambang will be placed in the tanks. The tanks also will be closed with lid with a hole made that enable the exchange of gas occurs and also to prevent the climbing perch from escaping. The ammonia level is also regulated. 3.4  EXPERIMENTAL METHOD The climbing perch will be placed in smaller aquaculture tanks according to the predetermined numbers. Juvenile climbing perch will be feed twice a day using formulated feed where the feed had been weighted by the weighing scale where the feed given is 3% of body weight. The climbing perch’s live weight will be measured using weighing scale for two months with interval of one week of each weighing. The live weight and survival rate of the climbing perch will be recorded into the datasheet. The data will be analysed and evaluated. CHAPTER 4 EXPECTED RESULT For the climbing perch, the smallest stocking density will have the largest weight gain. There will be an increase of mortality weight as the stocking density increases. There will be an increase of ammonia level and turbidity level as the stocking density increases. The smallest stocking density will have the longest length in the body measurement while the largest stocking density will have the shortest length in the body measurement. Analysis of the data will be calculated using the SPSS software and the ANOVA will be calculated using the same software. GANTT CHART REFERENCES Pal, M. Chaudhry, S. 2010.Anabas testudineus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on24 March 2015. Chotipuntu, P., Avakul, P. (2010). Aquaculture potential of Climbing Perch, Anabas testudineus, in Brackish Water. Walailak J.Sci. Tech., 7(1), 15–21. Kumar, K., Lalrinsanga, P. L., Sahoo, M., Mohanty, U. L., Kumar, R., Sahu, a K. (2013). Length-weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Anabas testudineus and Channa Species under Different Culture Systems, 5(1), 74–78. doi:10.5829/idosi.wjfms.2013.05.01.64201 Mondal, M., Shahin, J., Wahab, M., Asaduzzaman, M., Yang, Y. (2011). Comparison between cage and pond production of Thai Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus) and Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under three management systems. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, 8(2), 313–322. doi:10.3329/jbau.v8i2.7943 Zalina, I., Saad, C. R., Rahim, a. a., Christianus, a., Harmin, S. a. (2011). Breeding Performance and the Effect of Stocking Density on the Growth and Survival of Climbing Perch, Anabas testudineus. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science. doi:10.3923/jfas.2011.834.839 Perch, C., Bloch, A. (2004). Effect of Different Feed on Larval / Fry Rearing of, 36(1), 13–19. P. A. C. T. Perera, K.A.H. T. Kodithuwakku, T. V. Sundarabarathy U. Edirisinghe (2011), Captive Breeding of Anabas testudineus (Climbing Perch) under Semi-artificial Conditions for the Mass Production of Fish Seed for Conservation and Aquaculture, Insight Ecology Journal, DOI: 10.5567/Ecology-IK.2013.8.14 Sonmoina Bhuyan, Dipanjan Kashyap B. Kalita, Seed production of Climbing perch (Anabas testudineus)through Natural and Induced breeding, Retrieved from http://aquafind.com/articles/Production-of-Anabas-testudineus.php

Catherine morland presented

Catherine being traced re the social, psychological, emotional and intellectual, in addition to her growth as a fully functional lady of society. The first chapter focuses on the Catherine's practicality, her intelligent, but not brilliant mind and her lack of experience in the world. Austen introduces Catherine as a realistic character, while contrasting that realism to her role as the heroine of a novel. Jane Austen presents Catherine Morland at the beginning of the novel, this opens the novel to a very interesting and yet peculiar start to the Northanger Abbey, â€Å"No one who had ever seen CatherineMorland in her infancy would have supposed her to be born an heroine†. This opening sentence leaves the reader expecting her to become a heroine as her life progresses. The author's careful diction characterises Catherine, â€Å"No one who had ever seen,† as though her outward appearance cannot righteously represent her true inner nature. The description of Catherine's a ppearance typifies this. When Austen describes Catherine in the opening of the novel, she suggests that she is an unlikely gothic heroine.Catherine isn't described as a stereotypical child, nevertheless, she ad a thin awkward figure, a sallow skin without colour, dark lank hair, and strong features, â€Å"so much for her person and not less unpropitious for heroism seemed her mind†. Austen presents Catherine to be as boring and plain, while at the same time encouraging the idea of her strong and courageous nature. By introducing her as a possible heroine, the contrasting description of her external features and the image of her heroism create a concept in the readers mind.In Chapter one of Northanger Abbey, Catherine is presented as naive and innocent, as Catherine is stereotyped as person who â€Å"never could learn or understand anything before she was taught. † This helps to paint a picture of Catherine being helpless and dependent for extended emphasis or exaggerat ion of the trials she must go through to reach maturity and independence. For if Catherine learns through the guidance and teaching of others, her gullibility in what she is taught is heightened, therefore she may be inclined to believe everything that she hears or reads.Austen describes Catherine, â€Å"She was fond of all boys, playing and greatly preferred cricket†. This relates to Mary Woolstone Craft, whereas Catherine's imagination runs away with her childhood because â€Å"she is kept in a state of perpetual childhood†. Austen presents Catherine's childhood as marked by energy, vitality and good temper, â€Å"She was moreover, noisy and wild†, Catherine wasn't interested in learning music or art she held the characterises of a young child who is immature and not very grounded on life. Young children at that age, however, are expected to be witty and charming.Catherine, however, is not accomplishment for 19th century women. Every household that could affor d one had piano, and the daughters of the house would be expected to learn to play and sing, so they could entertain the family and any visitors. Sketching and painting were considered elegant female accomplishments. Sewing was another one; girls would learn to do elegant embroidery. Speaking foreign languages was considered an accomplishment; girls would learn French and German and how this education plays a role in her position within society.Catherine Morland was the complete opposite of the stereotypical child; Jane Austen presented Catherine at the beginning of the ovel to the broad conflicting on how a heroine should act. Catherine Is more apparent when she turns fifteen years old, we gain an insight that Catherine has developed into a different character, â€Å"her love for dirt gave away' and â€Å"grows quite a good looking girl† this shows the maturity of Catherine and the stages into adulthood. Catherine's appearances change completed as, â€Å"her features were softened, by plumpness and colour†.Also, Catherine was â€Å"reading books of information†, Catherine is now showing traits of the â€Å"accomplished women† and the qualities of a eroine, nevertheless at the start of the novel Jane presents Catherine as nothing but a heroine and this shows how Catherine grows up and becomes more mature. In the first part of the novel, Catherine finds herself in the fashionable Bath where she is eager for adventures. She meets people who are in Bath for different reasons but mainly to find a suitable partner in life.Already after a couple of weeks in Bath, far away from her family, she is starting to mature. Her introduction to Bath society makes Catherine lose a little of her childish innocence. At one moment in Bath she is larmed and surprised at seeing Henry accompanied by another woman: â€Å"Catherine sat erect, in the perfect use of her senses and with cheeks only a little redder than usual† though Catherine does not reveal any emotions, quite the opposite of a Gothic heroine. When she meets Henry Tilney, instead of fainting with pure Joy she welcomes him quietly.Jane Austen presents Catherine Morland different around certain characters, as when we are first introduced to Isabella Thorpe she is presented as a admirable character at first, she comes across friendly, elegant and eautiful, as Catherine says in the novel, â€Å"her eldest daughter had great personal beauty'. Catherine's character changes when she meets Isabella Thorpe, Catherine admires her as a role model as Austen writes how Catherine, â€Å"most admirable girl† this helps Catherine's character to grow as she soon learns the social rules of how to behave whilst in Bath.As we know Isabella is four years older than Catherine so Catherine perhaps perceives Isabella as an older sister figure to Catherine. Catherine and Isabelle gain a friendship quickly which could suggest how Catherine is naive as he has not let herself get t o know Isabella as quick as she should have, â€Å"The progress of the friendship between Catherine and Isabella was quick as its beginning to get warm†.Isabella comes across as very manipulative character and also seeks male attention, when Catherine and Isabella catch the eye of two young men, † they set of immediately, as fast as they could walk, in pursuit of the two young men†, Catherine, however, doesn't want to follow the two young men and doesn't crave the male attention which Isabella does, this shows that Isabella manipulates what Catherine thinks and Jane presents this by showing that Isabella however Is in charge eventually drops her superficial friendship with Isabella in favour of a more mature friendship with Eleanor.In many ways, the mature and reasonable Eleanor represents the type of adult that Catherine makes some progress towards becoming an responsible adult. Eleanor is, after all, rational, kind, well-mannered, well-rea, and is capable to kee ping up with her brother's wit and if she's not as exciting and wildly entertaining as Isabella, well, that's probably a good thing. After all, she does get ewarded with her very own Viscount in the end, which Just proves that good deeds, like putting up with her difficult father, really can be rewarded.Catherine, who grows up considerably over the course of the novel, eventually drops her superficial friendship with Isabella in favour of a more mature friendship with Eleanor. In many ways, the mature and reasonable Eleanor represents the type of adult that Catherine makes some progress towards becoming, She is described as having a â€Å"good fgure, a pretty face and a very agreeable countenance† and is also described as having good anners and a good sense this foreshadows later on in the novel where Eleanor gives Catherine money to go home when General Tilney banishes Catherine from Northanger Abbey.Eleanor Tinley comes across as more of a heroine than Catherine Morland. Wh ereas the friendship between Eleanor and the characters also contrast in the way that Isabella enjoys having attention, whereas we are told that Eleanor is at the ball â€Å"without wanting to fix the attention of every man near her† which shows she is a much more mature character and would make a better role model to Catherine rather than Isabella. Overall the novel follows Catherine Morland's progress from innocence and delusion to understanding and clear sight.She never loses her honest and unaffectedness, which is what, makes her an attractive heroine despite being neither clever nor witty. At the beginning of chapter one Catherine isn't presented as a typical heroine and doesn't have the typical heroine traits as she does not bother to learn or has any talent at all, however, when Catherine grows to be older she begins to realise her maturity and she begins to have the qualities of an ‘accomplished women' traits about her.

Criminal: Snatch Theft Essay

Snatch theft is becoming a serious issue nowadays. During the months of June and July 2004, the local media, especially the press, have been replete with reports of crime and violence in Malaysia. There have been many reports of snatch thefts which has given a great impact to the society. Police statistics on these crimes indicate that they are on the rise. Therefore, there is a sense of anxiety, even panic and fear in the air. see more:snatch theft essay The seriousness of this crime can be proven when on January 29th, 2005, the Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi himself has addressed throughout the country his curious concern on the rise of the crime and the need to implement more severe punishments. There are lots of articles in the newspapers and on the internet to show the seriousness of the offence of snatch theft. On January 30th 2005, our nation’s leading newspapers, namely Berita Minggu and The Star had reported snatch theft crimes, which had happened near Ipoh, Perak. The suspect had snatched the bag from a sixty year old woman at a shopping mall at Jalan Kampar, as the woman was walking to her car. The twenty year old thief, who had tried to escape in his car, also knocked down a man, who suffered minor injuries. The suspect ran through the traffic lights and collided with two cars. This has caused him to lose control of his vehicle, which then hit the road sign. The suspect then was detained. The second example of this snatch theft crime happened on January 9th 2005. Berita Minggu had reported another snatch theft incident, where two female students were injured after their motorcycle crashed into a concrete drain while escaping from a snatch criminal. The suspect had followed the girls with a motorcycle on their way after attending tuition class. In another case, on June 10th 2004, Ros Saliza Burhan, a factory worker on her way waiting for the bus was followed by two men on a motorcycle. Failed to snatch the victim’s bag, the criminal had used force against her by stabbing her three times so that she will release her bag. The victim fainted because of the injury. Those were just among a few cases occur in our country. There are other cases, which cause a more terrifying result such as death, grievous hurt, shocked and so forth. The seriousness of this offence can be seen when Chin Wai Fong died in Brickfields in May when she fought back against a snatch thief. Then Chong Fee Cheng fell, went into a coma and died while resisting a snatch thief in Johor Baru in mid-June. This was followed by the killing of Rosli Mohamed Saad who had gone to the aid of an Indonesian woman whose bag was snatched in Ampang in June 29. The newspapers also carried statistics on the number of snatch thefts. Relying on police statistics, Penang Chief Minister Tan Sri Dr Koh Tsu Koon revealed that there had been a total of 515 cases of snatch thefts in Penang between January and May 2004. Meanwhile the Perak Chief Police Officer reported a total of 374 cases of snatch thefts in his state during January to May 2004. With all the examples and discussions given, the issue of whether or not the crime of â€Å"snatch theft† should be separated from the offence of â€Å"theft† and â€Å"robbery† will impose a lot of legal discussion in order to ensure public safety. The main and crucial issue to be discussed here is that whether the offence of â€Å"theft† and â€Å"robbery† sufficiently address the offence of â€Å"snatch theft†. In other words, whether or not the elements of the two offences, which are already in the Penal Code are sufficient to be raised for a person who commits snatch theft. In order to tackle this issue, the elements of â€Å"theft†, which is under section 378 of the Penal Code and the elements of â€Å"robbery† which is under section 390 of the Penal Code have to be analyzed one by one. First and foremost, we would like to discuss the elements of â€Å"theft† which is under section 378 of the Penal Code. The said pr ovision defines theft as â€Å"Whoever, intending to take dishonestly any movable property out of the possession of any person without that person’s consent, moves that property in order to such taking, is said to commit theft†. Basically, from the definition, there are five elements of â€Å"theft†. The first element is dishonesty. It is defined under section 24 of the Penal Code as â€Å"Whoever does anything with the intention of causing wrongful gain to one person or wrongful loss to another person, irrespective of whether the act causes actual wrongful loss or gain, is said to do that thing â€Å"dishonestly†.† This shows that the important thing is to determine whether or not there is an intention to cause wrongful gain or wrongful loss to the other person. What is â€Å"wrongful gain† and â€Å"wrongful loss† then? It is further defined in section 23 of the Penal Code, whereby a person is said to gain wrongfully when such person retains wrongfully, as well as when such person acquires wrongfully. A person is said to lose wrongfully when such person is wrongfully kept out of any property, as well as when such person is wrongfully deprived of the property. Since dishonesty requires the intention to wrongfully gain or lose, the intention must exist at the time of moving of the property. This is because, it is not theft if there is no intention at the time of taking of the property . The authority for the first element can be seen in the case of Raja Mohamed v. R whereby the principle is that there must be an intention to take dishonestly any movable property out of the possession of another person without that person’s consent in order to constitute theft. Meaning to say, it is sufficient that the person, who has such dishonest intention moves the property in order to such taking. In addition, it is not necessary to move such property in order to move out of the possession of the other person. Next, the second element is that the person must take without consent. It means that there must be an intention to take another’s property without consent. The important point here is how the accused conceives of the situation whether or not the person whose property is taken would consent to it. In other words, this element depends on the mind of the owner of the property. In the situation when a person consents, then the actus reus of theft is not fulfilled and therefore there is no theft. The third element is to take out of possession. It means that the property must be taken or moved out of the possession. If the accused has a dishonest intention and moves the property, then he is said to move the property out of possession. It is to be noted here that theft is an offence against possession and not of ownership. Therefore, the offence is against the person who is in possession. A possession for the purpose of theft relates to movable property and movable property, which is lost or abandoned may not be in any possession of any person. However, when it is neither lost nor abandoned, even if it is then placed in the possession of someone else, the possession may still remain with the true owner. Subsequently, the fourth element is movable property. What is â€Å"movable property† is defined under section 22 of the Penal Code, which states that the words â€Å"movable property† are intended to include corporeal property of every description. Except land and things attached to the earth, or permanently fastened to anything which is attached to the earth. It means that as long as the thing is attached to the earth, therefore it is not movable. Furthermore, a thing attached to the earth is not movable and cannot be a subject of theft until it has been severed from the earth. Land within the meaning of section 22 of the Penal Code does not include soil from the land. However, when it is dug out of the land, it is then known as movable property. In the case of Lim Soon Gong & Ors., the respondents were charged with committing theft of sand from the foreshore. The principle of this case regarding the fourth element is that sand, which has been dug out from the foreshore is a movable property. Eventually, the final element of theft is there must be a moving of the property. It means that the property must be moved out of possession. This can be seen in the authority of Raja Mohamed v. R, the accused had removed boxes containing two dozens of glasses from the company’s ground floor storeroom. He was charged of convicting theft. The principle of this case is that it is sufficient if the person had formed a dishonest intent ion and moves the property in order to such taking. Moreover, it is not necessary to move the property fully out of possession in order to commit theft. Having fulfilled all the five elements under section 378 of the Penal Code, the accused then can be held liable for committing theft. Section 379 of the Penal Code further provides the punishment for theft, whereby one can be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to seven years or with fine or both. It further adds that for a second or subsequent offence, one shall be punished with imprisonment and also be liable to fine or whipping. The question to be asked is whether the offence of â€Å"snatch theft† can fall under the offence of â€Å"theft† under section 378 of the Penal Code. It seems like it is insufficient as when snatch theft is committed, there will be the element of force on the person who is being snatched, whereas the elements of theft are more mild in the sense that there is nothing in the provision states that there is a use of force or further may result to a more critical situation such as death. Thus, this will make the punishment for theft does not suit the offence of snatch theft. Snatch theft as being said earlier can cause injury to the other person and it can even come to the extent of causing death to the other person. Besides that, there also should be an element of force. These elements seem do not present in the elements of theft. Thus, we submit that the offence of â€Å"theft† does not sufficiently address the offence snatch theft as snatch theft is more serious and causes more severe injury as compared to theft. Having discussed the elements of â€Å"theft†, we will go into details the offence of â€Å"robbery† in order to come to the conclusion of whether or not it is sufficiently address the offence of snatch theft. Section 390 of the Penal Code which is regarding the offence of â€Å"robbery† will be analyzed. Clause (1) of the said provision states that in all robbery there is either theft or extortion. In other words, for the offence of robbery to arise, either the two main elements, which are theft or extortion has to exist. Section 390(2) states that theft is â€Å"robbery† if, in order to commit theft, or in committing the theft, or in carrying away or attempting to carry away property obtained by the theft, the offender, for that end, voluntarily causes or attempts to cause to any person death, or hurt, or wrongful restraint, or fear of instant death, or of instant hurt, or of instant wrongful restraint. Section 390(3) defines extortion as robbery, if the offender, at the time of committing the extortion, is in the presence of the person put in fear and commits the extortion by putting that person in fear of instant death, of instant hurt, or of instant wrongful restraint to that person or to some other person, and, by so putting in fear, induces the person so put in fear then and there to deliver up the thing extorted. In other words, robbery is theft or extortion in an aggravated form. Hence, the elements of theft or extortion must be present in addition to the aggravated circumstances set out in robbery. Section 390 provides for the circumstances when theft constitutes robbery. The words â€Å"for that end† in section 390 must relate to the commission of theft. Hence where an assault has no relation to the theft, robbery is not committed. If, for example, the accused first assaulted the complainant and then subsequently formed an intention to take his watch, he cannot be liable for robbery but only for theft. The crucial point under the offence of robbery is to determine the meaning of the word â€Å"for that end†. The force or threat of force must be for the purpose of committing theft and carrying away the property. In Karuppa Gounden, it was held that â€Å"the word ‘for that end’ in section 390, Penal Code, cannot be read as meaning in those circumstances†. It was held by the Lahore Court in Karmun that, â€Å"†¦before a person can be convicted of robbery the prosecution must prove that hurt was caused in order to the committing of the theft or in committing the theft or in carrying away or attempting to carry away the property obtained by the theft. The hurt contemplated must be a conscious and voluntary act on the part of the thief for the purpose of overpowering resistance on the part of the victim, quite separate and distinct from the act of theft itself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In the other case of Bishambhar Nath v. Emperor AIR, the principle is that in order to commit theft of the cash or in committing the theft of cash for carrying away or attempting to carry away property obtained by the theft, the accused for the theft voluntarily caused or attempted to cause hurt. The word â€Å"for that end† clearly means that the hurt caused by the offender must be with the express object of facilitating the commission of theft or hurt must be caused while the offender was committing theft or in carrying away or in attempting to carry away the property obtained by the theft. It does not mean that the assault or hurt must be caused in the same transaction or in the same circumstances. In Nga Po Thet, the essence of robbery is that the offender must cause death, hurt or wrongful restraint or fear of death, hurt or wrongful restraint in the commission of theft or in carrying away the property obtained by theft. The punishment for robbery is stated in section 392 of the Penal Code, whereby it shall be punished for a term which may extend to ten years and shall be liable to fine. In addition, if the robbery is committed between sunset and sunrise, the imprisonment may be extended to fourteen years and shall also be liable to fine or whipping. From the discussion of robbery as in section 390 of the Penal Code, the offence of robbery seems to satisfy some elements of snatch theft. As what has been said earlier, the offence of snatch theft involves the elements of force and the consequences of the act will lead to a severe injury to the victim and sometimes it may lead to death of the victim. In fact, section 390 is being used for the time being as to replace the offence of snatch theft which is not in the Penal Code yet. This shows that snatch theft is very dangerous to the public at large as the offence is nearly similar to the elements of the offence of robbery under section 390. The punishment for snatch theft is as the same as the punishment for robbery under section 392. This again proves that snatch theft is a serious crime. However, we strongly think that there must be an element of force in snatch theft. This is because when a person snatches another person’s handbag, there is an existence of force used against the other person. This is because, when a person wants to grab the other person’s bag, it will happen fast. When this happens, the other person will be hurt and injured as there is force used against him or her. In other words, force and hurt will tend to exist simultaneously when a person commits the offence of snatch theft. In the current situation, the Deputy Internal Security Affairs Minister Datuk Noh Omar has clarified in Parliament that the Police, since early 2004, had resorted to using the Emergency Ordinance (Crime Prevention & Public Safety) 1969 against snatch thieves â€Å"if the Police is convinced that the suspects had committed the offence†. Under the Ordinance, those suspected may be held for sixty days after which the Internal Security Minister could decide to detain them for up to two years without trial. The Deputy Internal Security Affairs Minister further clarified that the Police would also charge snatch thieves under sections 392, 394 and 397 of the Penal Code, which allows for caning, jail terms (up to twenty years if armed, under section 394), apart from imposing fines. This last step is in line with the suggestions of another politician, Karpal Singh, who called for amendments to sections 392 and 394 of the Penal Code to impose mandatory whipping of not less than six stro kes. It was also the suggestion of Wong Sulong in his Editorial in The Star on June 15th, 2004. Since there is still no laws imposed on snatch theft, it is to be tabled in the year 2005. The Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department, Datuk Mohd Radzi Sheikh Ahmad said a Bill dealing specifically with snatch theft offences would be tabled in Parliament in July, 2005. He added that, under the new law, the offenders could be imprisoned between seven and twenty years and whipping could be included as part of the punishment. Currently in the Penal Code, there is no special provision for snatch theft besides the separate charges for theft and robbery, which carry a maximum jail sentence of seven and twenty years respectively. He further added that the law would be effective by the end of the year 2005 if everything goes smoothly. The need of having a special law for snatch theft is due to the many reported cases of victims being killed or seriously injured. This shows that the offence of snatch theft is indeed a serious crime.